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<p><strong>VLAN</strong> can <strong>segregate traffic</strong> flowing through a switch to improve bandwidth utilization or security. Segregation is done based on membership in a group of ports (port-based VLANs) or on IEEE 802.1Q tags which include a VLAN ID (tag-based VLANs).</p>
<p>A <strong>port-based VLAN</strong> limits traffic coming in a port to the group of ports to which that port belongs. For example, if ports 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 were placed in a port-based VLAN, broadcast frames coming in port 3 would be sent to ports 1, 5, 7, and 9 (which are members of port 3's VLAN) but not to ports 2, 4, 6, and 8 (which are not members).</p>
<p>A <strong>tag-based VLAN</strong> limits traffic based on the VLAN ID in a 'tag' associated with the frame. VLAN tags may be explicitly placed in frames by applications or switching equipment, or implicitly assigned to frames based on the switch port where they arrive.</p>
<p>The VLAN feature is available on our managed switches.</p>
<p>If you have any questions about our Ethernet Switch and Media Converter, contact our <a href="https://support.amphenol-socapex.com/hc/en-gb/requests/new" target="_blank">Technical Support team.</a><br>More information on <a href="https://online.flippingbook.com/view/763483120/" target="_blank">Rugged Ethernet Switch & Media Converters catalog.</a></p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p>The recommended method for accessing the switch is using a Web User Interface such as Internet Explorer.<br>This method is very simple. Just be careful by configuring the network parameters. Refer to the Managed Software user manual for details.</p>
<p>Some models may also be accessed with a serial connection or also with a Telnet connection.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;">If you have any questions about our Ethernet Switch and Media Converter, contact our <a href="https://support.amphenol-socapex.com/hc/en-gb/requests/new" target="_blank">Technical Support team</a>.<br>More information on <a href="https://online.flippingbook.com/view/763483120/" target="_blank">Rugged Ethernet Switch & Media Converters catalog.</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><strong>IGMP</strong> (Internet Group Management Protocol) allows hosts and routers to work together to optimize forwarding of <strong>multicast traffic</strong> on a network. <br><u>Without IGMP</u>, all multicast packets must be forwarded to all network segments. <br><u>With IGMP</u>, multicast traffic is only forwarded to network segments, which connect interested hosts.</p>
<p>An<strong> IGMP snooping switch</strong> performs many of the functions of an IGMP router. <br>Periodically, routers and IGMP snooping switches in active mode send an IGMP Query on each attached network. (The query interval is generally around 1-2 minutes.)</p>
<p>If you have any questions about our Ethernet Switch and Media Converter, contact our <a href="https://support.amphenol-socapex.com/hc/en-gb/requests/new" target="_blank">Technical Support team</a>.<br>More information on <a href="https://online.flippingbook.com/view/763483120/" target="_blank">Rugged Ethernet Switch & Media Converters catalog.</a></p>
<p>The<strong> IP address</strong> (Internet Protocol) is the <strong>unique identifier of each device within a network. </strong><br>The IP Address of both source and destination device is included in each IP message. <br>They indicate the source and the destination where IP packets shall go.</p>
<p>An IP address consists of four bytes (for example 192.10.0.5). IP addresses are divided into two parts:</p>
<ul>
<li>a network part </li>
<li>a computer part</li>
</ul>
<p>It may be manualy or automaticaly (<strong>DHCP</strong>) assigned by a server device such as a server, or even a managed Ethernet switch.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>If you have any questions about our Ethernet Switch and Media Converter, contact our <a href="https://support.amphenol-socapex.com/hc/en-gb/requests/new" target="_blank">Technical Support team.</a><br>More information on <a href="https://online.flippingbook.com/view/763483120/" target="_blank">Rugged Ethernet Switch & Media Converters catalog.</a></p>
<p><strong>MAC </strong>= Media Access Control <br>Each Ethernet device has an assigned unique MAC address. This MAC address corresponds to the hardware unique name of the product. It may be compared with the DNA of a human. <br>This address is fixed during production by the manufacturer and can’t be changed.</p>
<p>Each Ethernet device inserts its unique “MAC” address into each message it sends out. The port on the switch used for a given MAC address is automatically learned when a frame is received from that address. Once an address is learned, the switch will route messages to only the appropriate port, instead of broadcasting messages out all ports like a hub. A time stamp is also placed in memory when a new address is learned. This time stamp is used with the aging feature, which will remove unused MAC addresses from the table after 300 seconds. If a device moves, the associated port on the switch will be changed (migrated) as needed.</p>
<p>In most switches, up to 2,048 MAC addresses can be stored and monitored at any time.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>If you have any questions about our Ethernet Switch and Media Converter, contact our <a href="https://support.amphenol-socapex.com/hc/en-gb/requests/new" target="_blank">Technical Support team</a>.<br>More information on <a href="https://online.flippingbook.com/view/763483120/" target="_blank">Rugged Ethernet Switch & Media Converters catalog.</a><br> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p>An <strong>IP frame</strong> contains several information such as:</p>
<ul>
<li>The destination IP and MAC address </li>
<li>The source IP and MAC address The type of protocol used (TCP, UDP and others) </li>
<li>The length of the message Encryption data VLAN tags and much more</li>
</ul>
<p><br><strong>What is Flow Control?</strong></p>
<p>Devices use flow control to ensure that the receiving device takes in all the data without error. If the transmitting device sends at a faster rate than the receiving device, then the receiving device will eventually have its buffer full. No further information can be taken when the buffer is full, so a flow control signal is sent to the transmitting device to temporarily stop the flow of incoming data. <br>For each port, Flow Control can be enabled or disabled. </p>
<p><strong>Military Ethernet Switches - What is the difference between Unicast, Broadcast and Multicast messages?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Broadcast messages</strong> are sent to all stations in the network. <br>Whereas an <strong>unicast message</strong> is only sent to one station on the network. <br><strong>Multicast messages</strong> are sent to a group of stations, for example video cameras type. Using multicast allows the building of distribution networks, which are suitable for video monitoring or television transmissions over the Internet, i.e. information with one sender and many receivers. <br>IPv4 addresses as 255.255.255.255 or 192.168.0.255 are BROADCAST IP addresses. <br>IPv4 addresses from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 are MULTICAST IP addresses. <br>Learn more about our Rugged Ethernet Switches by clicking <a href="https://online.flippingbook.com/view/763483120/" target="_blank">HERE</a></p>
<p><strong>What means Auto-MDI/MDIX-Crossover?</strong></p>
<p><strong>MDI </strong>= Media Device Interface <br>The RJ45 (copper) ports on the switch will automatically detect the cable type (straight-thru vs. cross-wired) and re-configure themselves accordingly.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>If you have any questions about our Ethernet Switch and Media Converter, contact our <a href="https://support.amphenol-socapex.com/hc/en-gb/requests/new" target="_blank">Technical Support team</a>.<br>More information on <a href="https://online.flippingbook.com/view/763483120/" target="_blank">Rugged Ethernet Switch & Media Converters catalog.</a><br> </p>
<p>The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as <strong>TCP/IP</strong>) is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. <br>It is named from two of the most important protocols in it: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard.<br>The TCP/IP model consists of four layers. From lowest to highest, these are the:</p>
<ul>
<li>Link Layer (2) </li>
<li>Internet Layer (3) </li>
<li>Transport Layer (4) </li>
<li>Application Layer (7) </li>
</ul>
<p>If you have any questions about our Ethernet Switch and Media Converter, contact our <a href="https://support.amphenol-socapex.com/hc/en-gb/requests/new" target="_blank">Technical Support team</a>.<br>More information on <a href="https://online.flippingbook.com/view/763483120/" target="_blank">Rugged Ethernet Switch & Media Converters catalog</a>.<o:p></o:p></p>
<article class="align-center">
<img width="605" height="98" alt="OSI Layers" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/optimized/public/media/image/2023-12/osi_layers.png?itok=Mw4JyX2O">
</article>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><br><br>What are the OSI layers? For many years the <strong>OSI model</strong> (Open Systems Interconnection Model) has described the layers of information in a network, particularly the low-level transport mechanisms. From top to bottom, these are the layers and how these layers relate to your product design. <br>Ethernet is physical layers: layers 1 and 2. <strong>TCP/IP</strong> (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) is a protocol, not a network, and uses layers 3 and 4.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><br><o:p></o:p></p>
<table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing:1.5pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;" border="0" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="0">
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<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR"><strong>Layer </strong></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR"><strong>Name </strong></span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR"><strong>Function </strong></span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR"><strong>Example</strong></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">7 </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">Application </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">Meaning of data</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">HTTP</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2;">
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">6</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">Presentation</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="EN-US">Building blocks of data and encryption</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="EN-US"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:3;">
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">5</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">Session</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="EN-US">Opening and closing of specific communication paths</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="EN-US"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
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<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">4</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">Transport</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">Error checking</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">TCP, UDP</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:5;">
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">3</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">Network</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">Determination of data paths</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">IP</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:6;">
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">2</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">Data link</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">Data transmission, source, destination</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">Ethernet</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:7;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;">
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">1</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">Physical</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="EN-US">Voltage levels, signal connections, wire, or fiber</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="text-align-justify MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin-bottom:0cm;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:FR;" lang="FR">RJ45, fibre optique</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>A comparison with the ISO layers </strong><br>Let’s compare the OSI layers with a road. A man go from office to home with a taxi on the motorway.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Layer 1 (physical layer)</strong> = The roads </li>
<li><strong>Layer 2 (Data link)</strong> = Source is the office; destination is home. <br>The MAC address is the unique registration number of the car. </li>
<li><strong>Layer 3 (Network)</strong> = Determination of the correct road to take; the IP address is the street address. Same address may be found in several towns. </li>
<li><strong>Layer 4 (Transport)</strong> = Error checking: is the destination correct?</li>
<li><strong>Layer 5 (Session)</strong> = pay fare; handshake between source and destination </li>
<li><strong>Layer 6 (Presentation)</strong> = The taxi is one of many on the road – 1 message in the datastream </li>
<li><strong>Layer 7 (Application)</strong> = What is the purpose of travel? The passenger in the taxi is the purpose of the message, which also includes the source and destination information </li>
</ul>
<p>If you have any questions about our Ethernet Switch and Media Converter, contact our <a href="https://support.amphenol-socapex.com/hc/en-gb/requests/new" target="_blank">Technical Support team.</a><br>More information on <a href="https://online.flippingbook.com/view/763483120/" target="_blank">Rugged Ethernet Switch & Media Converters catalog</a>.<br><br><o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Our wiring harness and cable assembly facilities are located in France and India.<br>• In France, we have a dedicated workshop in Thyez to deliver high quality electrical harnesses.<br>• In India, we have over 1500 sq. meter of <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IAiLwO-ICM" target="_blank">cable manufacturing space in India</a> along with 12 assembly lines to design, manufacture, and install harsh environment cable assemblies.<o:p></o:p></p>